Octavian Augustus Essays - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Cleopatra

Octavian Augustus Octavian Augustus By Derek Jeter Octavian Augustus (63 B.C.E-14 AD) is known as the first, and one of the greatest, Roman Emperors ever. Octavian enabled the long, peaceful time of the Pax Romana by changing Rome from a fragile, crumbling republican government to a mighty empire. Octavian?s government was strong enough to withstand weak emperors who mismanaged the Empire. His changes proved to be the cornerstone of the greatest empire the world has ever seen. During the Conflict of Orders, the lower class Romans, or plebeians, forced the upper class Romans, known as patricians, to give them more rights and liberties (Hadas 1969). The Republican government in Rome was established to satisfy the plebeians, while still leaving a majority of the control with the patricians. The government consisted of three main parts: the senate, the assemblies and the magistrates. The Senate was a group of former state officials, usually patricians, who acted as advisors, controlled public finances and handled all diplomatic dealings with other states (Hanes 1997). The assemblies were the various public meetings where citizens voted on laws and public office (Hanes 1997). Magistrates were the elected officials who put the laws into practice. The most important of these magistrates were the consuls. The two consuls each elected for one year acted as the chief executives of the state. Censors were also very important magistrates. Censors were elected every fi ve years to take a census and record the wealth of the people. Censors also had two other very important jobs. The first was to appoint candidates for the Senate and the second was to award contracts for government projects (Hanes 1997). As time passed, the Romans also began to elect other magistrates called praetors. Praetors acted as judges but could also fill in for the Consuls when they were away (Hanes 1997). The Republic first started to lose power in 133 BCE Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gaius were the leaders of a campaign to help the landowners/soldiers of Rome (Hanes 1997). The brothers tried to redistribute the public land of Rome to small farmers. The Senate, however, feared that the brothers were trying to take power away from the government. They ordered mobs to kill the brothers and hundreds of their supporters. The Gracchi?s efforts were the beginning of the Roman Revolution (Hanes 1997). In 107 B.C.E, a popular general named Marius was elected consul. Because of his military background, Marius was interested in improving the army. He started to accept anyone into the army regardless of whether they owned any land. This created a vast change in the makeup of the armies. Many poor people decided to join in hopes that they would benefit financially from any victories. Soldiers became attached to Roman generals rather than the state because of the possible economic gains (Hanes 1997). The government?s separation of the army would prove to be a major problem. Laws could only be enforced if The Republic controlled the armies. When the army followed a general rather than the government, the government lost all power. In 90 B.C.E, Roman allies in Italy finally rebelled against the city. The allies were angry that they were not considered citizens of Rome. They had benefited little from Roman expansion even though their citizens had served in the military. After a very bloody campaign, the Social War, as it was called, eventually ended when the allies were defeated. The Senate, however, decided to grant citizenship to the allies (Hanes 1997). This move expanded the Roman State to all of Italy. As the number of citizens grew, The Republic became harder and harder to manage. During the Social Wars, one general, Lucius Cornelius Sulla proved to be very successful in battles. Based on this military success, Sulla was elected consul in 88 BCE After completing his term, Marius tried to stop Sulla from taking any military command. Sulla countered by marching his troops on Rome (Hanes 1997). Civil war broke out. Sulla led his troops to victory and became dictator. After killing many of his opponents, Sulla tried to change Rome back to its days of Republican government. When he felt he had accomplished his task, Sulla retired to his farm in the

Photos of Military Coffins Essay Sample

Photos of Military Coffins Essay SampleThe Army of the Republic of Iraq and the United States Military conduct a very important aspect of their mission, in which is the development of photography as an effective means of documenting situations, activities, locations, and issues of permitting photos of military coffins. This requires the use of cameras with long lenses for close up shots of the subject, while in a less intense situations, the use of digital photography will suffice. Where there are no clear pictures to be taken, the photos of military coffins essay sample will suffice as needed to fully document the events.There are many good reasons why photos of military coffins are needed to document the work being performed. Some examples are the ability to clearly document events; there are also the specialized aspects of photographing areas of interest or events. A number of photographers in the armed forces are looking for a way to use their expertise to better their careers. F inding a way to legally capture the images needed is vital.Military coffins may be of different types and sizes, but each one will come with a variety of requirements that must be met. Each area of the military coffins provides unique conditions and requirements, which need to be reviewed before photographs of military coffins essay sample can be taken. These specific needs are broken down into five categories: visibility, storage, transportation, documentation, and storage.Visibility refers to the visibility of the military coffins during the photograph. All shots should be seen from above, while some shots should be seen from the side. There should be a side-view shot taken at least once during the process.Storage refers to the amount of time that it takes to move the military coffins during the photograph. Storage should be the same as with the photographing of any type of environment, which is tostore for a reasonable amount of time. Photos of military coffins essay sample shoul d not have to be stacked by the dozens.Transportation refers to the length of time it takes to transfer the military coffins from one location to another. The transportation of the items will have to be decided upon by the photographer. Generally, photographs of military coffins essay sample will focus on whether there is movement between areas.Once these requirements are met, the photographer will be ready to go. Photos of military coffins essay sample can be found online and at various websites around the world. There are also informational books that offer information about the process and the availability of photos of military coffins.